Skip to main content

España | Picotas y rollos, símbolos de justicia del pasado de los pueblos

Picotas, rollos, cruceros y humilladeros nos recuerdan en el urbanismo de pueblos centenarios de la región su pasado: se trata de símbolos de justicia de antaño

Guillermo Herrero, responsable de la iniciativa www.toponimos.es nos trae en la sección Tras las huellas de la Sierra, símbolos de la justicia del pasado madrileño que podemos ver en plazas céntricas y otros lugares de los pueblos centenarios de la región.

Los visitantes de los pueblos serranos se habrán topado en más de una ocasión con unas extrañas columnas de piedra que suelen encontrarse en algún rincón del interior de las poblaciones serranas. Tienen unos tres o cuatro metros de altura y terminan en una especie de capitel, o aparecen rematadas por una cruz. En otros casos, lo que podemos ver son cruces de piedra sobre un basamento, situadas en el arcén de acceso al municipio o ubicadas, sin más, en cualquier cruce de caminos.

No se puede decir que sean construcciones especialmente estéticas. Eso sí, por su estado de conservación parecen muy antiguas y, su aspecto en principio no es nada siniestro. Según su forma y antiguo uso se denominan picotas, rollos, cruceros o humilladeros.

Qué son las picotas, símbolo de la justicia de antaño


Las picotas se comenzaron a emplear en el siglo XIII. Las primeras se tallaron en madera y posteriormente se esculpieron en piedra. Su función era la de exhibir en ellas para su escarnio a los reos y, por supuesto, causar temor en el resto del pueblo, que al ver el destino del infeliz podía aplicarse eso de “cuando veas las barbas de tu vecino pelar…”.

En la picota no solamente se ataba al reo. Según el delito cometido se le desnudaba y untaba en miel para que se lo comieran las moscas, dejándolo expuesto al público y al sol. Si el delito era merecedor de la pena de muerte, se le ejecutaba allí mismo. Todo un espectáculo. De todo esto podemos extraer el significado de las célebres frases: “poner en la picota” o “estar en la picota”, que se emplean cuando alguien está en el punto de mira de todo el mundo o en situación comprometida.

Qué función tenía el rollo en los pueblos


Similar a la picota como símbolo de justicia de antaño es el rollo, otra columna rematada en un capitel que suele incorporar una cruz u otros ornamentos. Aunque a simple vista parecen la misma cosa, los rollos surgieron más tarde, en el siglo XIV. Su función era inicialmente simbólica. Servían para informar, a cualquier forastero, de que la villa tenía capacidad legal para impartir justicia. En la práctica, el rollo también se utilizó en muchas ocasiones con la misma finalidad que la picota, para mostrar el escarmiento de reos y ejecutados.

Los rollos fueron suprimidos con la Constitución de 1812, que consagró la división de poderes y atribuyó la potestad de juzgar, con exclusividad, a los tribunales de justicia. Tras la Constitución de 1812, los rollos y picotas tuvieron que ser desmantelados y sacados fuera de las plazas principales de los municipios. No obstante, muchas de ellas se conservaron porque los municipios -muy apegados a la tradición- decidieron transformarlas, darles aspecto religioso o convertirlas en cruceros, cruces de piedra en homenaje a algún hecho, motivo o personaje del municipio, y sacarlas a las afueras municipales.

Cruceros y humilladeros para la protección divina


Los cruceros o cruces de piedra pueden verse habitualmente en cruces de caminos -de ahí su nombre-, a lo largo de los caminos señalando algún suceso o motivo, o en las entradas de los pueblos, como un símbolo de religiosidad y garantía de protección divina. En ocasiones integran alguna figura religiosa y se protegen con una pequeña construcción de piedra que los resguarda de la intemperie. Entonces se de nominan humilladeros, aunque estos son muy escasos y mal conservados.

Piedras antiguas todas ellas, que pasan desapercibidas, pero que encierran tremendas realidades de nuestra historia.

Dónde encontrar picotas, rollos o cruceros


Si alguien quiere hacer un recorrido por este pedernal sangriento de la historia, puede hacerlo acudiendo a algunas poblaciones serranas. La picota mejor conservada se puede ver en El Berrueco, en la llamada Plaza de la Picota. También El Vellón, Torrelaguna, Galapagar Navalquejigo o Lozoya, cuentan con estos antiguos monumentos de pretérita justicia. Las provincias de Segovia, Soria, Toledo y Guadalajara, especialmente estas dos últimas, son de obligado recorrido para quienes gusten de contemplar y estudiar estos elementos con los que se que impartía justicia en los pueblos.

Source: madridnorte24horas.com, Staff, December 13 2023


_____________________________________________________________________











Most viewed (Last 7 days)

Saudi Arabia executes man convicted on terrorism-related charges

A man convicted on terrorism-related charges has been executed in Saudi Arabia following a final court ruling, according to an official statement from the Interior Ministry and reporting patterns consistent with international news agencies. The Interior Ministry said the individual, identified as Saoud bin Muhammad bin Ali al-Faraj, was convicted of multiple offenses including alleged affiliation with a foreign-linked terrorist organization, targeting security personnel, supporting and financing terrorist activities, harboring suspects, manufacturing explosives, and illegal possession of weapons.The case was initially investigated by security authorities before being referred to the judiciary.

20 Minutes to Death: Witness to the Last Execution in France

The following document is a firsthand account of the final moments of Hamida Djandoubi, a convicted murderer executed by guillotine at Marseille’s Baumettes Prison on September 10, 1977. The record—dated September 9—was written by Monique Mabelly, a judge appointed by the state to witness the proceedings. Djandoubi’s execution would ultimately be the last carried out in France before capital punishment was abolished in 1981. At the time, President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing—who had publicly voiced his "deep aversion to the death penalty" prior to his election—rejected Djandoubi’s appeal for clemency. Choosing to let "justice take its course," the President allowed the execution to proceed, just as he had in two previous cases during his term:   Christian Ranucci , executed on July 28, 1976 and Jérôme Carrein , executed on June 23, 1977. Hamida Djandoubi , a Tunisian national, was sentenced to death for killing his former lover, Elisabeth Bousquet. He was execu...

China executes Frenchman convicted in 2010 for drug trafficking

Chan Thao Phoumy, a 62-year-old Frenchman born in Laos, was executed, “despite the efforts of the French authorities, including efforts to obtain a pardon on humanitarian grounds for our compatriot”, said a foreign ministry statement. Phoumy, who was born in Laos, had been sentenced to death in 2010 following a conviction for drug trafficking. Despite sustained diplomatic pressure and formal requests for clemency on humanitarian grounds, Chinese authorities proceeded with the capital sentence.  A massive drug manufacturing and distribution operation Chan Thao Phoumy was convicted for his involvement in a massive drug manufacturing and distribution operation that remains one of the largest drug-related cases in Chinese history. Phoumy and his accomplices were convicted of manufacturing approximately 8 tons of crystal methamphetamine between 1999 and 2003.

Israel passes death penalty law for terrorists convicted of deadly attacks

JERUSALEM (AP) — Israel’s parliament on Monday passed a law approving the death penalty for Palestinians convicted of murdering Israelis, a measure that has been harshly condemned by the international community and rights groups as discriminatory and inhumane. The passage of the bill marked the culmination of a years-long drive by the far-right to escalate punishment for Palestinians convicted of nationalistic offenses against Israelis. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu came to the Knesset to vote for the bill in person. The law makes the death penalty — by hanging — the default punishment for West Bank Palestinians convicted of nationalistic killings. It also gives Israeli courts the option of imposing the death penalty on Israeli citizens convicted on similar charges — language that legal experts say effectively confines those who can be sentenced to death to Palestinian citizens of Israel and excludes Jewish citizens.

Faith Leaders, Advocates Plan Protests Against Firms Tied to Idaho Execution Chamber Project

BOISE, Idaho — Faith leaders, community advocates and relatives of a person executed by firing squad are joining national advocacy groups to protest firms involved in constructing Idaho’s execution chamber, as states increasingly turn to alternative methods amid lethal injection drug shortages. Due to the refusal of pharmaceutical companies, especially in the past decade, many states have had to find alternative methods because of extensive shortages of lethal injection drugs. Further, this has led the state of Idaho to pass legislation authorizing execution by firing squad, which is one of the most aggressive among alternative methods.

Sonia Sotomayor Warns That Texas May Execute an Innocent Man

Law is, as legal scholars and commentators have long recognized , both a refuge for those seeking to escape abuses of power and a trap in which their claims of justice get lost in a maze of statutory intricacies. Nowhere has this been more clearly on display than in the world of capital punishment. Over the span of half a century, the Supreme Court has gone from championing the rights of capital defendants and death row inmates to deflecting and denying their pursuit of justice. Where once the court carefully scrutinized procedures used in death cases, insisting that they had to conform to the dictates of so-called super due process , today it has made the due process accorded in those cases not super at all .

Pentobarbital Sodium Is Used to End Suffering — and Also to Execute People. The Debate Is Getting Louder.

In a prison in Arizona, a tiny vial is kept in a refrigerator. Or there was—the precise state of what’s inside is still up for debate. The contents may have expired, according to a retired judge looking into the state’s execution procedures. They would not expire, according to prison officials. This could not be independently verified by anyone outside the prison. Pentobarbital sodium is the drug in question, and the fact that its storage conditions in a correctional facility are now the focus of legal investigation indicates how far this specific compound has deviated from its intended use.

Florida Supreme Court halts execution of police officer convicted of raping, murdering girl

STARKE, Fla. (AP) — The execution of a former Florida police officer convicted of raping and murdering an 11-year-old girl was temporarily halted Thursday by the Florida Supreme Court. The court issued a stay in execution for 68-year-old James Aren Duckett, who was scheduled to receive a three-drug injection Tuesday at Florida State Prison near Starke. Duckett was sentenced to death in 1988 after being convicted of first-degree murder and sexual battery.

Iranian Gay Activist: "They Forced Me to Watch Executions So I Would Know How Mine Would Be"

Iranian LGBT activist now living as a refugee in Spain. He was sentenced to death by the ayatollah regime for being homosexual and for his support campaign for the community. "The enemy was already at home," he says about the current war In 11 countries around the world, homosexuality is punishable by death - it is criminalized in almost 70 countries. One of them is the Islamic Republic of Iran, from where Ramtin Zigorat (Tabriz, 1988) managed to escape after avoiding a death sentence and enduring the worst tortures. He has been living as a refugee in Spain for six and a half years. Question . His life, his testimony, can help us better understand what the Iranian Islamist regime is. I believe that until adolescence, you did not fully understand that you were homosexual.

Arizona | Death Row Inmate Challenges Execution Warrant, Citing 2025 Cyberattack and Protocol Failures

Leroy Dean McGill was sentenced to death for a 2002 gasoline attack in North Phoenix against a couple, Charles Perez and Nova Banta. PHOENIX — Attorneys for Arizona death row inmate Leroy Dean McGill have formally challenged the state’s attempt to secure an execution warrant, citing a catastrophic 2025 cyberattack and a long history of troubled lethal injection protocols. The challenge comes as Arizona seeks to resume capital punishment following a year-long hiatus. If the Arizona Supreme Court grants the state’s request, McGill would become the first person executed in the state since 2024.