Skip to main content

España | Picotas y rollos, símbolos de justicia del pasado de los pueblos

Picotas, rollos, cruceros y humilladeros nos recuerdan en el urbanismo de pueblos centenarios de la región su pasado: se trata de símbolos de justicia de antaño

Guillermo Herrero, responsable de la iniciativa www.toponimos.es nos trae en la sección Tras las huellas de la Sierra, símbolos de la justicia del pasado madrileño que podemos ver en plazas céntricas y otros lugares de los pueblos centenarios de la región.

Los visitantes de los pueblos serranos se habrán topado en más de una ocasión con unas extrañas columnas de piedra que suelen encontrarse en algún rincón del interior de las poblaciones serranas. Tienen unos tres o cuatro metros de altura y terminan en una especie de capitel, o aparecen rematadas por una cruz. En otros casos, lo que podemos ver son cruces de piedra sobre un basamento, situadas en el arcén de acceso al municipio o ubicadas, sin más, en cualquier cruce de caminos.

No se puede decir que sean construcciones especialmente estéticas. Eso sí, por su estado de conservación parecen muy antiguas y, su aspecto en principio no es nada siniestro. Según su forma y antiguo uso se denominan picotas, rollos, cruceros o humilladeros.

Qué son las picotas, símbolo de la justicia de antaño


Las picotas se comenzaron a emplear en el siglo XIII. Las primeras se tallaron en madera y posteriormente se esculpieron en piedra. Su función era la de exhibir en ellas para su escarnio a los reos y, por supuesto, causar temor en el resto del pueblo, que al ver el destino del infeliz podía aplicarse eso de “cuando veas las barbas de tu vecino pelar…”.

En la picota no solamente se ataba al reo. Según el delito cometido se le desnudaba y untaba en miel para que se lo comieran las moscas, dejándolo expuesto al público y al sol. Si el delito era merecedor de la pena de muerte, se le ejecutaba allí mismo. Todo un espectáculo. De todo esto podemos extraer el significado de las célebres frases: “poner en la picota” o “estar en la picota”, que se emplean cuando alguien está en el punto de mira de todo el mundo o en situación comprometida.

Qué función tenía el rollo en los pueblos


Similar a la picota como símbolo de justicia de antaño es el rollo, otra columna rematada en un capitel que suele incorporar una cruz u otros ornamentos. Aunque a simple vista parecen la misma cosa, los rollos surgieron más tarde, en el siglo XIV. Su función era inicialmente simbólica. Servían para informar, a cualquier forastero, de que la villa tenía capacidad legal para impartir justicia. En la práctica, el rollo también se utilizó en muchas ocasiones con la misma finalidad que la picota, para mostrar el escarmiento de reos y ejecutados.

Los rollos fueron suprimidos con la Constitución de 1812, que consagró la división de poderes y atribuyó la potestad de juzgar, con exclusividad, a los tribunales de justicia. Tras la Constitución de 1812, los rollos y picotas tuvieron que ser desmantelados y sacados fuera de las plazas principales de los municipios. No obstante, muchas de ellas se conservaron porque los municipios -muy apegados a la tradición- decidieron transformarlas, darles aspecto religioso o convertirlas en cruceros, cruces de piedra en homenaje a algún hecho, motivo o personaje del municipio, y sacarlas a las afueras municipales.

Cruceros y humilladeros para la protección divina


Los cruceros o cruces de piedra pueden verse habitualmente en cruces de caminos -de ahí su nombre-, a lo largo de los caminos señalando algún suceso o motivo, o en las entradas de los pueblos, como un símbolo de religiosidad y garantía de protección divina. En ocasiones integran alguna figura religiosa y se protegen con una pequeña construcción de piedra que los resguarda de la intemperie. Entonces se de nominan humilladeros, aunque estos son muy escasos y mal conservados.

Piedras antiguas todas ellas, que pasan desapercibidas, pero que encierran tremendas realidades de nuestra historia.

Dónde encontrar picotas, rollos o cruceros


Si alguien quiere hacer un recorrido por este pedernal sangriento de la historia, puede hacerlo acudiendo a algunas poblaciones serranas. La picota mejor conservada se puede ver en El Berrueco, en la llamada Plaza de la Picota. También El Vellón, Torrelaguna, Galapagar Navalquejigo o Lozoya, cuentan con estos antiguos monumentos de pretérita justicia. Las provincias de Segovia, Soria, Toledo y Guadalajara, especialmente estas dos últimas, son de obligado recorrido para quienes gusten de contemplar y estudiar estos elementos con los que se que impartía justicia en los pueblos.

Source: madridnorte24horas.com, Staff, December 13 2023


_____________________________________________________________________











Most viewed (Last 7 days)

Texas: The inmates who refused to die quietly and had to be gassed out of their cells before execution

Former crime reporter Michelle Lyons, who witnessed nearly 300 executions in Texas, US, reveals the desperate acts of death row prisoners who refused to accept their fate After spending years or often decades locked up in a tiny cell for 23 hours a day, most Death Row inmates go willingly to their executions. However, some refuse to die quietly - with officers forced to gas them out of cells, strap up their heads and even give chase across prison grounds. Michelle Lyons, who has witnessed nearly 300 executions in Texas, US, exclusively tells Sun Online how certain inmates "fight like hell" in their last moments. On most occasions, Michelle watched from the witness area, with the killers already on the gurney - the stretcher where they'd be given a lethal injection. Seven prisoners once tried to escape from the Row in Huntsville - with one shoving magazines and newspapers under his clothes to help him roll over razor-wire fences. Others have had to b...

Idaho | Death row prisoners sue over state's new firing squad

BOISE (Idaho Statesman) – Days after Idaho made the switch to a firing squad for executions, two Idaho death row prisoners next in line to be put to death sued the state prison system, saying its director withheld information about how she settled on the specifics for carrying out the method. Attorneys for prisoners Thomas Creech and Gerald Pizzuto filed suit this week in state district court against Idaho Department of Correction Director Bree Derrick. In the filing, they called her approval of an updated standard operating procedure for the firing squad and lethal injection as a backup method “arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion and in excess of the statutory authority of the agency.”

Japan: Capital punishment for a minor

Death chamber at Tokyo Detention Center The Supreme Court's recent decision to uphold the death sentence given in a lay judge trial to a 24-year-old man for murders he committed when he was a minor raises questions about the lay judge trial system and capital punishment. These include whether the lay judges correctly understood the spirit of the Juvenile Law in sentencing the defendant to death. It was the 1st death sentence handed down on a minor in a lay judge trial. The murders took place in Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, in 2010 when Yutaro Chiba was 18 - meaning he fell under the purview of the Juvenile Law. Chiba was convicted of entering his ex-girlfriend's house and stabbing to death the girl's sister and a female friend of the girl with a butcher knife, seriously injuring a male friend of the sister and abducting the girl. Prosecutors said Chiba killed the victims because they were trying to separate him and his former girlfriend. Since Chiba pleaded n...

Saudi Arabia: Man beheaded for murder

April 27, 2010: Saudi authorities executed a man by beheading after he was sentenced to death for murder, the interior ministry announced. Saudi national Umair al-Shihri was put to death in the southern city of Bisha for shooting to death another Saudi, Muzakkir al Shahrani, with a machine gun, according to the announcement carried by the state news agency SPA. No details were given about the date or location of the crime, but the ministry said the execution had been put on hold until the victim's children came of age. Source: Agence France Presse, April 27, 2010

Florida death row inmate wants DeSantis to attend his pending execution

Dennis Michael Sochor is scheduled to be put to death Tuesday, the 29th person executed by the state in the past 19 months. Dennis Michael Sochor, convicted of strangling an 18-year-old woman he met at a New Year’s celebration in a Broward County bar 44 years ago, is scheduled to die by lethal injection Tuesday at Florida State Prison. His last wish? To have Gov. Ron DeSantis personally observe his execution up close and personal.

Oldest inmate set to be executed in Florida will face strict spending limit for final meal

An entire category of food is also off-limits for final meal requests in Florida Florida is currently preparing to execute its oldest inmate later today (July 14), a 74-year-old convicted murderer who has been on death row since the 1980s—but his final meal will be limited by a strict budget. Dennis Sochor is scheduled to be put to death later today, making history as the oldest inmate to ever be executed in the state. The criminal, who has been on death row for nearly 40 years, will be administered the lethal three-drug injection, with the process due to begin at around 6pm.

Florida | Former prison warden who oversaw executions urges corrections workers to not participate in them

Recently Florida carried out the execution of Dusty Spencer , a 74-year-old Marine veteran, for the murder of his wife, Karen, in 1992. It was the ninth Florida execution this year. For their own sake, I urge Florida’s corrections workers to refuse to carry out another one. Before you dismiss me as some soft lefty, you should know that I am an Air Force veteran. I voted for Ron DeSantis for governor twice—and for Donald Trump for president three times.

Former Florida cop to be executed on same day as 80-year-old Pasco man

In an unprecedented move in the modern history of capital punishment, Gov. Ron DeSantis on Tuesday cleared the way for 2 executions to occur on the same day.  DeSantis reset the execution of James Duckett, whose execution earlier this year was stayed amid efforts to secure DNA testing and analysis of evidence in his case.  Duckett’s execution was reset for July 28. That is the same day previously set for the execution of Dominick Occhicone.  Court records indicate that Duckett’s execution is scheduled for noon. Occhicone’s is set to follow at 6 p.m. 

Florida | Double-murderer set for execution, sparking intense legal battle over age, declining health

Gov. Ron DeSantis signed a death warrant for the Pasco County execution of Dominick Occhicone, scheduled for July 28. Defense attorneys argue the 80-year-old double-murderer is too old and frail to be executed under the 8th Amendment. HOLIDAY, Fla. - Dominick Occhicone is scheduled to face execution on July 28 for the 1986 cold-blooded murders of his ex-girlfriend's parents in Pasco County, sparking an intense legal battle over his advanced age and failing health. Gov. Ron DeSantis signed a death warrant for Dominick Occhicone, who has spent nearly 40 years on death row, according to state records. The man is about to turn 81 and was convicted of killing Raymond and Martha Artzner at their home in Holiday. The warrant comes shortly after the state executed 74-year-old Dusty Ray Spencer last week. If the scheduled July 14 execution of 74-year-old Dennis Sochor proceeds, he will surpass Spencer as the oldest inmate executed in Florida since 1976. Court records show that Occhicone wen...

Germany | Neuschwanstein killer contests extradition over death penalty fears

Three years after the rape and murder of a US tourist near Neuschwanstein Castle, the convicted man, also from the United States, is contesting his extradition from Germany. The 33-year-old pushed two young women down a slope of around 50 metres during a visit to the world-famous castle. A 21-year-old later died in hospital and her friend was injured. The man raped and strangled the 21-year-old before pushing her over the edge. Kempten Regional Court sentenced him to life in prison for murder, attempted murder and rape resulting in death. The foreigners' office in the area then issued a deportation order against the convicted murderer.