Pope Francis has declared the death penalty “
inadmissible.” This means that the death penalty should not be used in any circumstance. It also alters
the Catholic Catechism, a compendium of Catholic doctrine, and is now binding on Roman Catholics throughout the world.
But in spite of his definitive statement, Pope Francis’ act will probably only deepen the debate about whether Christians can support capital punishment.
As a Catholic scholar who
writes about religion, politics and policy, I understand how Christians struggle with the death penalty – some cannot
endure the idea and others
support it as a way to deter and punish terrible crimes.
Some Christian theologians have
also observed that capital punishment could actually lead to a change of heart among criminals who might repent when faced with the finality of death.
Is the death penalty un-Christian?
The two sides
In its early centuries, Christianity was seen with suspicion by authorities. Writing in defense of Christians who were unfairly charged with crimes in second-century Rome, philosopher
Anthenagoras of Athens condemned the death penalty and wrote that Christians “cannot endure even to see a man put to death, though justly.”
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Pope Declares Death Penalty Inadmissible in All Cases
But as Christianity became more connected with state power, European Christian monarchs and governments regularly carried out the death penalty until its
abolition in the 1950s through the European Convention on Human Rights. In the Western world, today, only the
United States and Belarus retain capital punishment for crimes not committed during wartime. But China, and
many nations in the Middle East, South Asia and Africa still apply the death penalty.
Critics of the American justice system argue that the
deterrence value of capital punishment is debatable. There are also studies showing that, in the United States, capital punishment is
unfairly applied, especially to African-Americans.
Christian views
In the Hebrew Bible,
Exodus 21:12 states that “whoever strikes a man so that he dies shall be put to death.” In
Matthew’s Gospel, Jesus, however, rejects the notion of retribution when he says “if anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also.”
While it is true that the Hebrew Bible prescribes capital punishment for a variety of offenses, it is also true that later Jewish jurists set out rigorous standards for the death penalty so that it could be used only in rare circumstances.
At issue in Christian considerations of the death penalty is whether the state has the obligation to punish criminals and defend its citizens.
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Thou Shalt Not Kill
St. Paul, an early Christian evangelist, wrote in his
letter to the Romans that a ruler acts as “an avenger who carries out God’s wrath on the wrongdoer.” The Middle Ages in Europe saw thousands of murderers, witches and heretics put to death. While church courts of this period generally did not
carry out capital punishment, they did turn criminals over to secular authorities for execution.
Thirteenth-century Catholic philosopher Thomas Aquinas argued that the death penalty
could be justified for the greater welfare of society. Later Protestant reformers also supported the right of the state to impose capital punishment.
John Calvin, a Protestant theologian and reformer, argued that Christian forgiveness did not mean overturning established laws.
The position of Pope Francis
Among Christian leaders, Pope Francis has been at the forefront of arguing against the death penalty.
The
letter accompanying the Pope’s declaration makes several points. First, it acknowledges that the Catholic Church has previously taught that the death penalty is appropriate in certain instances. Second, the letter argues that modern methods of imprisonment effectively protect society from criminals. Third, the letter states that this development of Catholic doctrine is consistent with the thought of the two previous popes: St. Pope John Paul II and Benedict XVI.
St. John Paul II maintained that capital punishment should be reserved only for “absolute necessity.” Benedict XVI also
supported efforts to eliminate the death penalty.
Most important, however, is that Pope Francis is emphasizing an ethic of forgiveness. The Pope has argued that social justice applies to all citizens. He also believes that those who harm society should make amends through acts that affirm life, not death.
For Pope Francis, the dignity of the human person and the sanctity of life are the core values of Christianity, regardless of the circumstances.
Source: The Conversation, Mathew Schmalz, August 3, 2018. The author is Associate Professor of Religion, College of the Holy Cross.
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"One is absolutely sickened, not by the crimes that the wicked have committed,
but by the punishments that the good have inflicted." -- Oscar Wilde
