The religious roots of southern punitiveness

The Death Penalty Information Center reports that 37 people will be executed in the United States in 2008, down 12 percent from 42 in 2007 and a 30 % drop from 2006.

Are we looking at a gradual erosion of support for the death penalty, or a meaningless statistical blip?

The AP report notes that Texas accounted for 1/2 of the executions in 2007 (18 of 37, or 48% of the national total). Thats a big improvement from 2007 when Texas executed 26 people (62%) out of the 42 inmates executed nationally.

Unlike most reports on this year's numbers, the AP article notes that nearly all of the executions in America this year took place in the South. Only 2 non-Southern states, Oklahoma (2) and Ohio (2) performed executions this year.

Although Oklahoma was still a dumping ground for displaced native Americans at the end of the Civil War, it was largely populated by Southerners and is sometimes considered a southern state for statistical purposes.

But let's not quibble. Of the 1137 executions in the United States since the re-institution of the death penalty in 1976, 935 occurred in southern states. That's 82%. In recent years, the South has accounted for an even higher percentage of the executions in America.

Why are the numbers dropping? Juries in several states (Texas among them) can now hand down a sentence of life without parole. Many jurors will back away from the ultimate penalty if they know a dangerous killer will never be released from custody.

I would like to pose another question: Why are southerners so enamored of the death penalty?

Track lynching statistics by year and by state between 1882 and 1962 (the beginning and end of the Jim Crow period ) and you will think you are looking at contemporary death penalty stats. Lynching was much more prominent in the South than elsewhere in the United States. Moreover, lynching was far more likely to be used against black victims in the South, especially in the first half of the 20th century. For instance, of the 581 people lynched in this period in the state of Mississippi, 539 were black.

In the West, lynching was chiefly used as a form of vigilante frontier justice and most of the victims were white.

A similar trend emerges when we consider incarceration rates. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 2005 the South had a regional incarceration rate of 519 prison inmates per 100,000 population (the numbers rise significantly when jail inmates are included). In the same year, the Midwestern states had an incarceration rate of 386, the rate for the Western states was 378 and for the Northeast it was 314.

By international standards, even the Northeastern states are locking people in alarming numbers, but why is the rate of incarceration so much higher in the South?

When we consider that the cluster of states around Texas (with an incarceration rate of 691 per 100,000), the numbers skew in a highly punitive direction: Mississippi (660), Oklahoma (652), and Louisiana (797). In this clump of states, the incarceration rate hovers around 700, almost twice the national average.

Why?

The question becomes more critical when you consider that incarceration rates in Midwestern Red states are virtually the same as in Midwestern Blue states (a tad lower, in fact).

Religion, not conservative politics, is the key factor here.

There is an tragic correlation between high rates of church attendance and high rates of incarceration, but the folks who attend southern evangelical churches are singularly punitive. In particular, a high concentration of Baptists goes hand-in-hand with multiple executions and an incarceration rate up in the nosebleed region. In the cluster of Red states around Texas, Baptists comprise 37% of the population, compared to 21.8% in the Blue Southern states and around 8% nationally. Incarceration rates in the Blue South (states characterized by a low Baptist count and a vast in-migration of northerners) are considerably lower.

How do we account for Southern punitiveness, especially the extreme form on display in and around Texas?

I have spent 8 years of my life studying theology at The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky. 5 of those years (1989-1994) were devoted to an in-depth study of church history with a particular focus on Baptist history in the South. As part of this work I traced the gradual evolution of Baptist attitudes and influence in the southern slave states.

Early on, Baptists were low-status commoners in southern states like Virginia where the Church of England was established. This explains why Baptists like John Leland petitioned Thomas Jefferson for a separation of church and state after the Revolutionary War.

Initially, most Baptists in the South opposed slavery as something antithetical to biblical religion. But as the South expanded westward after the Louisiana Purchase and slavery became the regions peculiar and defining institution, Baptist attitudes began to change. In 1845, when Baptists split North and South over the issue of slavery, the newly formed Southern Baptist Convention rapturously embraced the virtues of a godly slave society.

By the advent of the Civil War, Southern Baptists had moved from condoning slavery to proclaiming its moral superiority to all alternatives. The South was God's Zion largely because it practiced the biblically mandated instituion of slavery.

After the holocaust of civil war, the battered South re-organized around the Southern Baptist Convention. Pastors who disagreed with the Jim Crow regime had to find another line of work. I have read hundreds of books by Southern Baptists from the first half of the 20th century. White supremacy was largely assumed, though the indelicate and worldly subjects of slavery and segregation were rarely addressed. Woe to the pastor who addressed the elephant in the room from a progressive perspective.

As late as 1972, an employee of the Sunday School Board in Nashville was fired for publishing a picture of black and white children playing together. Segregation died hard.

During the Civil Rights Movement of the late 1950s and early 60s, Southern Baptists were disproportionately represented within the KKK and the white citizens councils. Official pronouncements from the Southern Baptist Convention had a moderate and faintly progressive sound, but the reality in the largely rural and small town Southern Baptist churches was quite different.

When Richard Nixon's Southern Strategy sparked a mass shift of southern whites from the Democratic party to the Republicans, Southern Baptists led the way.

The disturbing picture at the head of this post popped up when I Googled images of "Southern Religion."

I am not suggesting that Baptists are inherently punitive. Nor am I arguing that Baptists were the only southerners to embrace slavery and Jim Crow segregation while opposing the civil rights movement. Baptists simply provide the most illuminating case study.

Religion in the slave states reflected the paranoia of the times. Slaves had to be kept into submission, a fact that encouraged runaways. Fear of insurrection was constant, particularly in regions where white freemen were outnumbered by black slaves. During the Jim Crow period, lynching was used to enforce white supremacy. This constant brutality left its mark on the brand of southern evangelical religion that provided a theological justification, and later a twisted spiritual celebration, of slavery.

How do you preach "whosoever will may come," in the heart of the Jim Crow South? Very carefully. It is hard to preach grace to people you regard as subhuman.

A turn-or-burn religion based on the crude juxtaposition of heavenly bliss and hellish torment fit the spiritual needs of the slave states. It was essential that religion be utterly divorced from politics and social p0licy. The profane elephant in the room had to be ignored at all costs.

The hyper-spirituality of southern religion has little to do with evangelical theology. In the North, as in England, evangelicals were frequently at the heart of the progressive movement. But in the slave states, the church was the piper and the wealthy planter class called the tune. These brutal facts of history gave southern evangelicalism a disembodied, anti-incarnational, and schizophrenic character that persists to this day.

Oddly, the punitive cast of southern evangelicalism is more apparent in the courthouse than in the churchhouse. Southern attitudes are changing. The crude racial bigotry of the Jim Crow period is dying fast (the proliferation of noose hangings and hate groups notwithstanding). But the paranoia and punitiveness of the Old South lives on in the juryroom. Fear of the other, a stark line of separation between the saved and the damned, and a deep-seated fear of the angry black man translate into support forthe death penalty and mass incarceration.

I am not advocating that southerners turn their backs on evangelical religion. Quite to the contrary; the South needs a revival of a radically biblical evangelicalism freed from the shackles of cultural captivity.

As a practical matter, support for slavery and segregation meant the abandonment of biblical grace and justice. That's the problem.

Once the disease is diagnosed, the cure is obvious. The South will find its salvation in a back-to-the-Bible revival of religion.

Source: Friends of Justice, December 12, 2008