But, the ruling was not clearly retroactive. Many defendants were still appealing their mandatory death sentences or had them commuted to life imprisonment without ever having a sentencing hearing. This “grey area” led to the latest
court challenge brought by
Charles Khoviwa, a death row inmate and client of
Reprieve, a legal action non-profit organisation, and the
Malawi Legal Aid Bureau, that resulted in the abolishment.
Malawi’s constitution
Although the Khoviwa decision was particular to Malawi’s progressive constitution, the case has implications for other Southern African countries, most of which keep the death penalty on the books but do not use it in practice.
Malawi’s
constitution came out of a public consultative process, initiated after a one-party dictatorship that ended
in 1994. As a result, this newer constitution has some progressive elements. They include that Malawi must consider international law obligations and may look to foreign case law in deciding constitutional disputes.
Because Malawi’s constitution is a living document that evolves, the Supreme Court of Appeal considered the global decline of capital punishment.
In the Khoviwa case, the court considered Article 16 of the
Malawian constitution. The court explained that the wording of this provision created two separate rights: the right to life and the right not to be arbitrarily deprived of life. This is clear in the text:
Every person has the right to life and no person shall be arbitrarily deprived of his or her life.
But, the wording of the second sentence of Article 16 was unusual compared to other
Commonwealth and African constitutions. This said, in the relevant part:
the execution of the death sentence … shall not be regarded as arbitrary deprivation of his or her right to life.
The second sentence only stated that the death penalty could not be an arbitrary deprivation of life; it did not state that the death penalty could not violate the right to life (the other right contained in Article 16) or the right to be free from cruel and degrading punishment at Article 19. This gave the court an opening to find the death penalty unconstitutional even though Article 16 specifically provided for the death penalty.
Wider implications
The wording of Malawi’s constitution is peculiar. The constitutions of its southern African neighbours;
Botswana,
eSwatini, and
Zambia have a right to life provision that specifically provides for the death penalty. This, without setting out a separate right not to be arbitrarily deprived of life. As a result, the reasoning of the Malawi Supreme Court of Appeal in the Khoviwa case is not precisely applicable.
Of course, the constitutions of
South Africa,
Mozambique, and
Namibia have an unqualified right to life with no provision for the death penalty, which is why these countries are abolitionist. The
Lesotho and
Tanzania constitutions also have unqualified right to life provisions with no exclusion for the death penalty. However, the senior courts in these countries have not yet found the death penalty to violate the right to life.
Kenya and
Zimbabwe have more complex constitutional “right to life” provisions. Zimbabwe’s 2013 constitution provides for the death penalty in an extremely narrow class of cases - adult men between the ages of 21 and 70 and only for the crime of aggravated murder.
In terms of Article 26 of Kenya’s constitution,
[one] shall not be deprived of life intentionally, except to the extent authorised by this Constitution or other written law".
But the constitution provides no authorisation except for abortion.
The Malawi court’s decision in Khoviwa could be especially useful in future human rights litigation in countries without clear constitutional support for the death penalty. This is so for two reasons.
First, the Malawian Supreme Court of Appeal validated the emerging global consensus that the death penalty violates the right to life, even where the constitution specifically authorises it.
Second, and even more importantly, the Malawian court used a more progressive interpretive method: if two interpretations of a constitutional provision are possible, the interpretation that expands human rights protections is preferred over an interpretation that restricts or limits human rights.
This is a roadmap for future challenges to the death penalty in other southern African countries.
A longer version of this article appeared as a
blog for Oxford University.
Source: theconversation.com, Andrew Novak, June 16, 2021. Andrew Novak is Term Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology Law and Society, George Mason University
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"One is absolutely sickened, not by the crimes that the wicked have committed,
but by the punishments that the good have inflicted." -- Oscar Wilde
