Skip to main content

Tennessee | A Death Row Pastor’s View of Executions

From 2010 to 2015 I was incarcerated at Riverbend Maximum Security Institution in Nashville, Tennessee, the site of death row for the men’s prison system. Though I wasn’t housed on death row, as the editor of the Maximum Times prison newspaper and, for a time, the chaplain’s clerk, I was on occasion able to visit. It was there that I was fortunate enough to meet author, prison volunteer and death row pastor Joseph B. Ingle.

Ingle, a reverend with the United Church of Christ, began ministering to the condemned in 1975. Prison volunteers don’t normally have access to all areas of a facility—certainly not death row—but Ingle could just walk in like staff. His experience, and something about his unassuming demeanor, makes governors and legislators seek him out.

Ingle’s gentleness was always in stark contrast to the harshness of the cold steel and concrete. He was a humble student of prison culture, and to speak with him you’d never guess he’s been twice nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. He spends little time talking about himself. Compliment him and he’ll likely blush and change the subject. He prefers to focus his energies on the condemned and their families, and anyone who will help change the culture of killing in United States prisons.

Ingle’s book Too Close to the Flame: With the Condemned inside the Southern Killing Machine,  published in May, chronicles the 45 years he’s spent ministering to people on death row. Not just at Riverbend, but across the South. He became friends with many of the condemned, and thus prayed with many friends in their final moments before they were killed by the state. 

“If you don’t know a person, it’s easier to kill [them], so staying away from the flame keeps you safe,” Ingle told Filter when asked about the title. “Proximity brings compassion and humanity. We have empathy when we really see someone, up close and personal.”

So many years so close to the flame took their toll. One of the only sources of comfort he found, as he endured multiple sclerosis and his wife Becca was diagnosed with ovarian cancer, was laying with her listening to her heartbeat. To hear the sound of life still inside the person he loved soothed him and gave him hope.

Today, they live in an organic farming community where they grow around 200 blueberry bushes. But Ingle’s life’s work is with the people condemned to death. He wants people to understand that people don’t end up on death row because of any single decision. Many people he’s known who were executed were not the perpetrators of the violence for which they were condemned to death. All were poor. The vast majority of people tried in death penalty cases—around 90 percent—cannot afford a lawyer.

Ingle’s work led him to found the Southern Center for Human Rights to fight systemic “extermination, or obliteration through lengthy sentences.” The organization’s services include providing legal representation to people condemned to death in Georgia and Alabama. 

Ingle thinks it absurd that mass incarceration or capital punishment prevent further violence. It’s self-evident that they are a cause, not a solution.

In 2007 Ingle sat vigil with Phillip Workman before his killing by lethal injection. As they waited for the execution to begin, they could hear the witnesses in the room next door laughing. 

Instead of requesting a last meal for himself, Workman requested that the Tennessee Department of Correction give a vegetarian pizza to anyone in the area who was homeless. TDOC denied the request, prompting hundreds of pizzas to be donated to shelters around Nashville and across the US. In 2019, Workman’s friend Don Johnson made the same last-meal request before his own execution. TDOC denied that request, too.

“It’s interesting that the South is the most religious region of the country,” he told Filter, “while at the same time is [its] largest killing field and imprisoning machine.”

Governor Bill Lee (R) of Tennessee, who campaigned on Christian values and in 2019 said that as a man of faith, his death penalty decisions weigh heavily on him, would not come pray with Ingle and the condemned. 

Lee, who took office in 2008, initially denied requests for stays of execution, including Johnson’s. But in 2022 he ordered a moratorium on all executions in Tennessee amid an investigation into improper lethal injection practices.

Ingle was present at the execution of Charles Brooks in 1982, the first in the US carried out by lethal injection. He has seen over the years that many of these deaths are not painless.

Tennessee’s investigation revealed that the drugs used in lethal injections were not tested for contaminants, and the state had not been following its own protocols since revising them in 2018. Between 2018 and 2022 the state executed seven people, two by lethal injection and five by the electric chair.

In May, Lee signed legislation that contradicts the Supreme Court in authorizing the death penalty for a conviction other than homicide. It took effect in July.

In October, TDOC Commissioner Frank Strada revealed that the department would be ready to unveil its new lethal injection process by the end of 2024 or early 2025.

Source: filtermag.org, Tony Vick, October 21, 2024. Tony Vick has served almost three decades of a life with parole sentence in Tennessee. Before prison he lived as a closeted gay man; his Southern Baptist parents and an older brother have since died. While incarcerated he has worked as a tutor, clerk and newspaper editor. He’s also begun book clubs and writing workshops, and prisoner-led elder care programs. He writes about captivity in the hope of contributing to the prison reform movement. You can reach him by USPS.

Tony Vick #276187
South Central Correctional Facility
PO Box 279
Clifton, TN 38425-0279

_____________________________________________________________________








"One is absolutely sickened, not by the crimes that the wicked have committed,
but by the punishments that the good have inflicted."

— Oscar Wilde



Most viewed (Last 7 days)

The US reporter who has witnessed 14 executions: ‘People need to know what it looks like’

South Carolina-based journalist Jeffrey Collins observed back-to-back executions in 2025 after the state revived the death penalty following a 13-year pause Jeffrey Collins has watched 14 men draw their final breaths. Over 25 years at the Associated Press, the South Carolina-based journalist has repeatedly served as an observer inside the state’s execution chamber, watching from feet away as prison officials kill men who were sentenced to capital punishment. South Carolina has recently kept him unusually busy, with seven back-to-back executions in 14 months.

Georgia parole board suspends scheduled execution of Cobb County death row prisoner

The execution of a Georgia man scheduled for Wednesday has been suspended as the State Board of Pardons and Paroles considers a clemency application.  Stacey Humphreys, 52, would have been the state's first execution in 2025. As of December 16, 2025, Georgia has carried out zero executions in 2025. The state last executed an inmate in January 2020, followed by a pause due to COVID-19. Executions resumed in 2024, but none have occurred this year until now. Humphreys had been sentenced to death for the 2003 killings of 33-year-old Cyndi Williams and 21-year-old Lori Brown, who were fatally shot at the real estate office where they worked.

Oklahoma board recommends clemency for inmate set to be executed next week

A voting board in Oklahoma decided Wednesday to recommend clemency for Tremane Wood, a death row inmate who is scheduled to receive a lethal injection next week at the state penitentiary in McAlester.  Wood, 46, faces execution for his conviction in the 2001 murder of Ronnie Wipf, a migrant farmworker, at an Oklahoma City hotel on New Year's Eve, court records show. The recommendation was decided in a 3-2 vote by the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board, consisting of five members appointed by either the governor or the state's top judicial official, according to CBS News affiliate KWTV. Oklahoma Gov. Kevin Sitt will consider the recommendation as he weighs whether to grant or deny Wood's clemency request, which would mean sparing him from execution and reducing his sentence to life in prison without the possibility of parole.

California | Convicted killer Scott Peterson keeps swinging in court — but expert says he’s not going anywhere but his cell

More than two decades after Laci Peterson vanished from her Modesto, California, home, the murder case that captivated the nation continues to draw legal challenges, public debate and renewed attention. As the year comes to a close, Scott Peterson, convicted in 2004 of murdering his pregnant wife and their unborn son Conner, remains behind bars, serving life without the possibility of parole. His wife disappeared on Christmas Eve in 2002, and a few months later, the remains of Laci and Conner were found in the San Francisco Bay.

M Ravi, the man who defied Singapore regime's harassment, dies

M Ravi never gave up despite the odds stacked against him by the Singapore regime, which has always used its grip on the legal process to silence critics. M Ravi, one of Singapore's best-known personalities who was at the forefront of legal cases challenging the PAP regime over human rights violations, has died. He was 56. The news has come as a shock to friends and activists. Singapore's The Straits Times reported that police were investigating the "unnatural death".

Saudi Arabia executed 356 people in 2025, highest number on record

Analysts attribute increase to kingdom’s ‘war on drugs’ as authorities kill 356 people by death penalty Saudi authorities executed 356 people in 2025, setting a new record for the number of inmates put to death in the kingdom in a single year. Analysts have largely attributed the increase in executions to Riyadh’s “war on drugs”, with some of those arrested in previous years only now being executed after legal proceedings and convictions. Official data released by the Saudi government said 243 people were executed in drug-related cases in 2025 alone, according to a tally kept by Agence France-Presse.

Singapore | Prolific lawyer M Ravi, known for drug death-penalty cases, found dead

Ravi Madasamy, a high-profile lawyer who represented death-row inmates and campaigned against capital punishment, was found dead in the early hours, prompting a police investigation into an unnatural death KUALA LUMPUR — Prolific Singapore lawyer Ravi Madasamy who tried to save Malaysian drug traffickers from the gallows found dead in the early hours with police investigating a case of unnatural death. Lawyer Eugene Thuraisingam, who had previously represented 56-year-old Ravi in court and described him as a friend, said he was deeply saddened by the news.

USA | Justice Department Encourages New Capital Charges Against Commuted Federal Death Row Prisoners

On Dec. 23, 2024, former President Joseph R. Biden Jr. commuted the sentences of nearly all federal death row prisoners, sparing 37 men from execution. Just 28 days later, on Jan. 20, 2025, newly inaugurated President Donald J. Trump issued an executive order encouraging state and local prosecutors to pursue new charges against those same prisoners, reopening the possibility of capital punishment in state courts.

Burkina Faso to bring back death penalty

Burkina Faso's military rulers will bring back the death penalty, which was abolished in 2018, the country's Council of Ministers announced on Thursday. "This draft penal code reinstates the death penalty for a number of offences, including high treason, acts of terrorism, acts of espionage, among others," stated the information service of the Burkinabe government. Burkina Faso last carried out an execution in 1988.

Iran | Executions in Shiraz, Borazjan, Ahvaz, Isfahan, Ardabil, Rasht, Ghaemshahr, Neishabur

Iran Human Rights (IHRNGO); December 23, 2025: Mahin Rashidi, Abbas Alami, Naser Faraji, Tohid Barzegar and Jamshid Amirfazli, five co-defendants on death row for drug-related offences, were secretly executed in a group hanging in Shiraz Central Prison.  According to information obtained by Iran Human Rights, four men and a woman were hanged in Shiraz (Adel Abad) Central Prison on 17 December 2025. Their identities have been established as Mahin Rashidi, a 39-year-old woman, Abbas Alami, 43, Naser Faraji, 38, Tohid Barzegar, 51, and Jamshid Amirfazli, 45, all Kashan natives.