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España | Picotas y rollos, símbolos de justicia del pasado de los pueblos

Picotas, rollos, cruceros y humilladeros nos recuerdan en el urbanismo de pueblos centenarios de la región su pasado: se trata de símbolos de justicia de antaño

Guillermo Herrero, responsable de la iniciativa www.toponimos.es nos trae en la sección Tras las huellas de la Sierra, símbolos de la justicia del pasado madrileño que podemos ver en plazas céntricas y otros lugares de los pueblos centenarios de la región.

Los visitantes de los pueblos serranos se habrán topado en más de una ocasión con unas extrañas columnas de piedra que suelen encontrarse en algún rincón del interior de las poblaciones serranas. Tienen unos tres o cuatro metros de altura y terminan en una especie de capitel, o aparecen rematadas por una cruz. En otros casos, lo que podemos ver son cruces de piedra sobre un basamento, situadas en el arcén de acceso al municipio o ubicadas, sin más, en cualquier cruce de caminos.

No se puede decir que sean construcciones especialmente estéticas. Eso sí, por su estado de conservación parecen muy antiguas y, su aspecto en principio no es nada siniestro. Según su forma y antiguo uso se denominan picotas, rollos, cruceros o humilladeros.

Qué son las picotas, símbolo de la justicia de antaño


Las picotas se comenzaron a emplear en el siglo XIII. Las primeras se tallaron en madera y posteriormente se esculpieron en piedra. Su función era la de exhibir en ellas para su escarnio a los reos y, por supuesto, causar temor en el resto del pueblo, que al ver el destino del infeliz podía aplicarse eso de “cuando veas las barbas de tu vecino pelar…”.

En la picota no solamente se ataba al reo. Según el delito cometido se le desnudaba y untaba en miel para que se lo comieran las moscas, dejándolo expuesto al público y al sol. Si el delito era merecedor de la pena de muerte, se le ejecutaba allí mismo. Todo un espectáculo. De todo esto podemos extraer el significado de las célebres frases: “poner en la picota” o “estar en la picota”, que se emplean cuando alguien está en el punto de mira de todo el mundo o en situación comprometida.

Qué función tenía el rollo en los pueblos


Similar a la picota como símbolo de justicia de antaño es el rollo, otra columna rematada en un capitel que suele incorporar una cruz u otros ornamentos. Aunque a simple vista parecen la misma cosa, los rollos surgieron más tarde, en el siglo XIV. Su función era inicialmente simbólica. Servían para informar, a cualquier forastero, de que la villa tenía capacidad legal para impartir justicia. En la práctica, el rollo también se utilizó en muchas ocasiones con la misma finalidad que la picota, para mostrar el escarmiento de reos y ejecutados.

Los rollos fueron suprimidos con la Constitución de 1812, que consagró la división de poderes y atribuyó la potestad de juzgar, con exclusividad, a los tribunales de justicia. Tras la Constitución de 1812, los rollos y picotas tuvieron que ser desmantelados y sacados fuera de las plazas principales de los municipios. No obstante, muchas de ellas se conservaron porque los municipios -muy apegados a la tradición- decidieron transformarlas, darles aspecto religioso o convertirlas en cruceros, cruces de piedra en homenaje a algún hecho, motivo o personaje del municipio, y sacarlas a las afueras municipales.

Cruceros y humilladeros para la protección divina


Los cruceros o cruces de piedra pueden verse habitualmente en cruces de caminos -de ahí su nombre-, a lo largo de los caminos señalando algún suceso o motivo, o en las entradas de los pueblos, como un símbolo de religiosidad y garantía de protección divina. En ocasiones integran alguna figura religiosa y se protegen con una pequeña construcción de piedra que los resguarda de la intemperie. Entonces se de nominan humilladeros, aunque estos son muy escasos y mal conservados.

Piedras antiguas todas ellas, que pasan desapercibidas, pero que encierran tremendas realidades de nuestra historia.

Dónde encontrar picotas, rollos o cruceros


Si alguien quiere hacer un recorrido por este pedernal sangriento de la historia, puede hacerlo acudiendo a algunas poblaciones serranas. La picota mejor conservada se puede ver en El Berrueco, en la llamada Plaza de la Picota. También El Vellón, Torrelaguna, Galapagar Navalquejigo o Lozoya, cuentan con estos antiguos monumentos de pretérita justicia. Las provincias de Segovia, Soria, Toledo y Guadalajara, especialmente estas dos últimas, son de obligado recorrido para quienes gusten de contemplar y estudiar estos elementos con los que se que impartía justicia en los pueblos.

Source: madridnorte24horas.com, Staff, December 13 2023


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