While there are foreigners languishing on death row across Asia, where several countries impose the death penalty for drugs offences, it is rare for authorities to execute them.
Indonesia's decision to put 8 foreigners to death for drugs offences (...) has sparked international outrage.
Jakarta has sharply increased executions in the past 2 years, with President Joko Widodo a vocal supporter of executing drug traffickers, and Amnesty International (AI) says it is bucking a global trend of fewer death sentences being carried out.
According to international human rights law, the death penalty should only be applied for the most serious crimes, such as murder, but that is far from the case in Asia.
Here are several countries and territories in the region that impose the death penalty for drugs offences:
Afghanistan
The world's top producer of opiate drugs, Afghanistan rarely carries out executions for drug-related offenses. Law enforcement remains weak in the war-torn country, despite a multi-billion-dollar US-led campaign to crack down on booming opium production.
Bangladesh
Bangladesh does not release figures for the number of people sentenced to death or the number of executions carried out but hundreds are believed to be on death row, including at least half a dozen opposition figures for committing atrocities during the country's 1971 war of independence.
Brunei
Brunei mandates death for drug trafficking but is not known to have carried out executions for any type of crime over the past decade, according to AI, and effectively has an unofficial moratorium in place.
China
China has the highest number of executions in the world, according to AI, although the number is kept a secret. It imposes the death penalty for drug traffickers and executes people by firing squad or lethal injection.
India
Some 278 people were on death row at the end of 2014, according to India's Death Penalty Research Project. India carried out 2 hangings in 2012 and 2013, breaking an 8-year unofficial moratorium. Indian courts hand down death sentences in "rarest of rare" cases. A landmark judgement by India's top court in 2014 commuted the death sentences of 15 convicts to life imprisonment, noting the inordinate delay in deciding their mercy pleas.
Indonesia
Around 140 convicts are on death row in Indonesia, including about 60 for drugs crimes. Around 30 death row drug convicts are foreigners. The group facing execution was made up of 8 foreigners and 1 Indonesian, as Jakarta seeks to demonstrate it is serious about tackling drug offences.
Widodo, who took office in October and has taken a tough line against drug traffickers, has rejected all clemency appeals for those sentenced to death on drugs charges.
Indonesia imposed a moratorium on executions between 2009 and 2012, but then resumed them in 2013. No one was executed in 2014.
However Widodo seems determined to dramatically increase the pace of executions. Jakarta hasdalready conducted one batch this year, putting 6 drug convicts, including 5 foreigners, to death in January.
Malaysia
More than 900 convicts are on death row in Malaysia, according to the government, which does not publicly give out information about executions, although they are believed to be rare. Drug offences are believed to account for more than 70% of death-penalty convictions in the country, according to AI.
Pakistan
Pakistan ended a 6-year moratorium on the death penalty in December 2014 as part of a crackdown on militants following a Taliban massacre at a school that left more than 150 people dead, most of them children. Since then nearly 100 convicts have gone to the gallows. Initially only those convicted of terror-related offences were hanged, but this was then widened to include all capital crimes. During the moratorium, courts continued to give out death sentences, and according to AI there are around 8,000 prisoners on death row in Pakistan. Capital crimes include murder, terrorism, drug trafficking, treason and certain types of blasphemy.
Singapore
After a moratorium on the death penalty in 2012 and 2013, 2 drug convicts were executed in 2014, according to the latest available official data. 23 people are currently on death row in the city-state, according to the government.
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka's courts routinely hand down death sentence to those convicted of crimes such as murder, rape and drug smuggling but the country has not carried out an execution since 1976, with an unofficial moratorium effectively in place. There are some 300 condemned prisoners who have exhausted all appeals and are on death row. Sri Lankan authorities have from time to time threatened to restore executions, previously carried out by hanging.
Source: Sri Lanka Sunday Times, April 29, 2015 (WR)
